On September 13, Russia celebrates Hairdresser Day. This holiday is not one of the official ones, but it has hundreds of thousands of professionals. The beauty industry has taken such an important part in the life of a modern person. Both women and men have high demands on their appearance. The success of this profession can be confirmed and its continuous development in hair care can be appreciated. Appearing with the flourishing of civilization, it did not arise out of nowhere. Ancient people endowed hair with mystical powers and, as a rule, only priests dealt with it. As a separate field of activity, it first appeared in Ancient Egypt. Today, Merim-maat is considered the very first hairdresser. This can be confirmed by an interesting find - a figurine of a hairdresser with a name carved on it, dating back to 3300 BC. Ancient Greece, with its love for perfection, took craftsmanship to a new level, and not only women served as an impetus for development. Male Greeks were no less fond of tidying up their hair: great attention was paid to the beard, its coloring and curling. The first hairdressers began to open during the Roman Empire. In those ancient times, hairstyle served as a certain identifying sign of social origin, nationality, and type of activity. But all nations had legends and myths associated with hair: this was the emergence of the constellation Veronica among the Egyptians, and the return of the golden locks of the wife of the Scandinavian god Thor. And of course, the names of Medusa the Gorgon, Samson and Rapunzel became household names. In Rus', the art of hairdressing was in its infancy - obligatory braids for women and trimming for men. This continued until the reign of Peter the Great, who began to introduce European fashion - haircuts for men and high hairstyles for women. The Soviet period did not contribute to the development of this area, putting it on a par with everyday, everyday things and services. Now, as before, fashion trends come from abroad. Although we also have hairdressers of the highest class, whose names are known not only to a narrow circle - Dolores Kondrashova, Sergei Zverev and others. Those who create a person’s style, emphasize the best aspects of an image and, literally, are able to transform any personality, consider their work to be art for a reason. In regional cities and the capital this does not go unnoticed. On Hairdresser's Day, specialists and their clients will be interested in competitions for those who have unraveled all the secrets of a successful hairstyle, master classes from world-famous professionals. Therefore, on Hairdresser Day, we should wish all Russian hairdressers creative ideas and new techniques, move forward, develop their talent and give it to people.

One of the most popular professions today is the profession of a programmer. Programming is a way of life, these are people living with constant code in their heads; people who are constantly solving some kind of problem - today’s world of information rests on them. Databases, programs, applications on phones and tablets - it’s hard to imagine what we would do without these innovations in today’s fast-paced world. How often programmers are confused with everyone - with system administrators, with people who repair computer equipment. If you are a programmer, it means you understand computers - this is the main misconception of many. And, rest assured, all your friends will ask you to fix your tablet, “install new Windows,” or set up your camera. In fact, programming is the ability to create, to create, so to speak, to “teach” a computer to do useful actions needed in a particular case. Programming has nothing in common with “computer scientists”. Competent IT specialists in Russia today occupy highly paid positions for good reason, because this skill requires an engineering mind, mathematical abilities and a lot of creativity. An official holiday has been established in Russia - Programmer's Day. It is celebrated on the 256th day of the year - September 13 or 12 if the year is a leap year. This number is associated with a byte. A byte is a unit of information that includes 8 bits (it may include another number of bits, but the holiday is dedicated specifically to the 8-bit byte), or 256 characters. In a word, the number 256 has some symbolism in programming. Programmer's Day has been celebrated in Russia since 2002, although the idea of ​​celebrating the holiday first appeared back in 1996. The official 256th day of the year became Programmer’s Day only in 2009, when the President signed the corresponding decree. Today, on this day, programmers, testers, students, freelancers, and many others celebrate their professional holiday; the cat considers itself involved in this interesting and painstaking work. Now in Russia, it is perhaps difficult to find a person who does not know how to use a computer, phone or tablet. We are no longer even surprised at the convenience and comfort: we watch the weather, play games, plan our week, make bank payments, communicate in various conversational client programs - and yet all this is the work of programmers. Agree, work is worthy of respect. So, on September 12 in a leap year and September 13 in other years, there is a reason to say thank you to all the workers who have created and continue to create such convenient things for us - programmers.

Europeans became interested in breathing techniques, exercises for health, and meditation, one of the most ancient Indian practices, at the beginning of the 20th century. Yoga had a great influence on the minds of the intelligentsia of Tsarist Russia. The philosophical movement was popularized by the mystic G. Gurdjieff and the philosopher F. Shcherbatskaya, and the Silver Age poets M. Voloshin, A. Blok and K. Balmont. A series of 16 books about Agni Yoga was published by Nicholas and Helena Roerich. In the 60-70s in the USSR, samizdat was especially popular - essays on esoteric topics, the practice of asanas, meditation and healing fasting. Paying tribute to Eastern wisdom, followers of one of the most ancient teachings celebrate Yoga Day in Russia on September 13. The founder of the ancient philosophical school and movement is considered to be Patanjali, an Indian sage, writer and linguist who lived in 200-150 BC. He is the author of basic treatises on the theory and practice of yoga. The scientist also left behind essays on medical topics and commentaries on the Charaka Samhita, a fundamental work on Ayurveda. At a congress of representatives of the world's most famous spiritual movements, held in Rome in 1983, it was proposed to celebrate Yoga Day on September 11, the date Patanjali was born. Many researchers of the philosopher’s life and work consider this point controversial. There is no real evidence of the birth of the Indian sage on this day. Some time after the tragedy in the United States on September 11, 2001, at the initiative of the Congress of Indian Organizations and the Portuguese Confederation of Yoga, the day of celebration was moved to June 21. However, Russian followers of Patanjali's teachings did not agree with this. Since 2011, beginners and professionals, with the support of the Yoga Journal media company, the HanumanRu portal, studios and centers, annually celebrate Yoga Day in September - on the 13th or 14th. In honor of the celebration, many yoga centers host meetings with leading teachers, free classes and master classes, and lectures on proper nutrition and cleansing practices. On this day, beginners are introduced to meditation techniques, breathing exercises (pranayama), asanas and mantras. Those who have been practicing classes for more than one year try their hand at one of the new directions for themselves: raja yoga, karma yoga, jnana yoga, bhakti yoga or hatha yoga. The teachings of Patanjali help a person achieve spiritual enlightenment and strengthen the physical and mental strength of the body. Supporters of alternative history believe that the sacred treatises, the Vedas, came to the Hindus from the north from the Slavic-Aryans - the ancestors of the inhabitants of modern Russia. The theory of the school (darshan) of yoga is based on the canonical texts of these ancient written historians. Therefore, the idea of ​​achieving inner harmony and perfection through engaging in this Indian spiritual practice is very close to Russian people. In honor of the philosophical teaching, which amazes with its depth and wisdom, Yoga Day is celebrated on September 13th.

Optimists, who look at life as a miracle and enjoy every day, attract other people to themselves like a magnet. They, even without being believers, know that despondency is a sin, and generously share this worldview with others. The Day of Positive Thinking, which is celebrated on September 13, is intended to help overcome the autumn blues and tune in to an optimistic mood. Optimism is important not only for creating a favorable emotional state, but also for mental and physical health. It reduces internal anxiety, reduces the risk of heart disease, strengthens the immune system and helps increase life expectancy. American Christian Mortensen (1883-1998), who died 3 months before reaching the age of 116, shared a secret: “Drink more water and less alcohol, smoke good cigars, stay positive and sing more often. And you will have longevity!” His compatriot Sarah Knauss, who lived to be 119 years old, argued that the main thing is not to get upset over little things. The history of the holiday is associated with a certain entrepreneur from the United States, on whose initiative Positive Thinking Day has been celebrated since 2003. On this day, even the most notorious skeptics and pessimists try to convince themselves that the glass of water is half full, not empty. Anyone who wants to reformat themselves into an optimistic mood is looking for like-minded people and taking part in seminars on positive thinking on September 13th. On this day, people joke and laugh a lot, learn to enjoy small victories that lead to big achievements. How can you develop an optimistic approach to life? To do this, you need to follow the simple recommendations of psychologists: • learn to find the positive in the negative;• remain calm and believe in yourself in any circumstances;• always achieve your goal;• communicate with creatively thinking and positive-minded people;• be able to enjoy the little things: delicious coffee, good weather, an unexpected meeting with an old acquaintance etc.; • constantly develop, working on yourself for success in all endeavors; • learn to forgive - nothing interferes with the achievement of internal harmony more than a feeling of guilt or resentment. Esotericists claim that human thought is material. We influence our lives not only physically, but also through energetic vibrations. Like is attracted to like - this principle also applies to thinking. The material and subtle worlds are connected energetically - by forming positive images in the subconscious, we create the corresponding reality. Sometimes it takes a lot of time, but the results are worth it. Affirmations - phrases with psychological attitudes - are well suited for working with the inner world. They are spoken out loud or silently several times a day. For an optimistic attitude, the following affirmations are used: “I am supported and loved by God (the Creator, the Universe)”, “Everything in my life leads to something positive”, “My potential for success is limitless”, “I am grateful to providence for the miracles in my life" etc. Positive Thinking Day brings a smile to your face and brings happiness to your heart. Even the most notorious pessimists can try to change their worldview, and therefore their lives. September 13 - Positive Thinking Day - is a very good time to start moving along the road of joy and good luck.

Fragrant pastries are a symbol of home comfort and well-being. Housewives treat family members to pies with a golden crust and a variety of toppings and treat guests who drop by. In autumn, when there is a bountiful harvest, they bake charlotte, rasstegai, kurnik, kulebyaka and other traditional Russian dishes. Their exquisite appearance and aroma are the result of pie recipes being passed down from generation to generation. In autumn, pears and apples, plums and pumpkins, cherries and other gifts of nature are added to baked goods. Fresh fruits and berries give the delicacies a special taste, and vanilla and cinnamon make the pie a real culinary masterpiece. Meat-eaters and fish lovers are treated to kulebyaki and rasstegai, which have been dishes of national Russian cuisine for hundreds of years. “A hut is not red in its corners, but red in its pies,” says popular wisdom. In honor of autumn baking, a cute and simple holiday has been invented. September 13 is the Day of Charlottes and Autumn Pies. On this occasion, housewives exchange baking recipes and share secrets of making puff pastry and yeast dough. In the old days, not a single holiday was complete without pies. Depending on the season of the year and food supplies, fruits, potatoes, carrots, rutabaga, berries, mushrooms, meat, peas and even porridge were placed in them. Guests were invited to a feast in honor of the birthday by sending a treat with verbal accompaniment: “The birthday boy ordered to bow with pies.” The classic recipe for Charlotte russe (“Russian charlotte”) appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. The pie impresses with its simplicity of preparation and small number of ingredients. But long before charlotte gained popularity, Rus' had its own baking traditions. Some bakery products are a gastronomic brand of a particular region. So, in the Tver, Pskov and Novgorod provinces they baked borkanniki from rye flour - pies with carrots and boiled eggs, in the north, in Karelia and Vologda - galoshnik with rutabaga, and in Arkhangelsk and Kostroma - mushroom picker, or blichniki, with chanterelles, boletus and boletuses. The traditions of preparing national cuisine and Russian hospitality have been preserved to this day. Therefore, in the fall, housewives happily get to work in the kitchen, conjuring charlotte, pumpkin pies, berries and fruits. Baking has become a ritual in many homes that unites different generations of the family and fills life with pleasant moments and memories. The Day of Charlottes and Autumn Pies is designed to strengthen blood ties, make communication accepted, and treats delicious.

The authorship of the celebration of the sweetest day in the calendar belongs to the French. It was they who celebrated the chocolate celebration on a grand scale for the first time in 1995. And although they were not the pioneers of “chocolate happiness,” their long-term devoted love for the wonderful confectionery dessert is beyond doubt. Thus, back in the 18th century, about 500 establishments were opened in France, the menu of which included exclusively “chocolate items.” Then the baton of the holiday was picked up by Europeans and Americans. The average annual consumption rate of a US resident is more than 13 kilograms. According to one version, the chocolate drink was invented by the Aztecs. They consumed huge quantities of it - several cups a day. But we owe the large-scale planting of cocoa plantations to the Mexicans. However, neither one nor the other thought of adding sugar cane to the drink. Enterprising Spaniards began to add cinnamon and nutmeg to it and added sweetness to it. They kept their recipe in the strictest confidence for more than 50 years. However, smugglers established European channels and transported the miracle drink there. It was an unaffordable luxury due to the incredibly high price, so only aristocratic families could taste it. By order of Anne of Austria, boxes of cocoa beans were delivered to France, and a virtuoso chocolatier was hired. Noble ladies believed that chocolate was a powerful aphrodisiac. Madame Pompadour herself called it nothing less than a burning source of love passions. In the 16th century, Belgian pharmacists began to brew special medicinal chocolate. It included medicinal herbs, oils and flowers. The British were the first to produce traditional hard bars in the 1850s, while milk and white chocolate were invented by the Swiss. But the price for it was still prohibitively high, and only in the 20th century chocolate became available to wide social circles. In the Soviet Union, chocolate was condemned for a long time and was classified as a bourgeois dessert. The merchant Abrikosov managed to establish mass production, who came up with chocolate collections with images of famous artists, as well as sweets in funny wrappers, and the legendary chocolate Santa Clauses and hares. The first truly popular chocolate bar was “Alenka”. Chocolate ingredients promote relaxation and psychological release. They provoke the release of endorphins and dramatically improve mood. There is an opinion that chocolate slows down the aging process. Despite the calorie content, even nutritionists recommend it, albeit in moderation. In most countries, the expression “everything is chocolate” means that life is good, everything turned out in the best possible way. The taste of chocolate, due to the presence of a strong stimulant, phenamine, evokes an indescribable feeling, identical to falling in love. The most unusual is Chicago chocolate. There are varieties with the taste of hot pepper, bacon and mushrooms. Famous chocolatiers have unique skills - they are able to recognize more than 400 cocoa flavors. On Chocolate Day, sales of this delicious dessert increase significantly. On the holiday, it is customary to hold festivals, fairs, tastings, master classes, competitions with prizes and treats. Factories and confectionery shops organize open days, where they talk about the mysteries of making sweets and demonstrate how a “real miracle” is born from milk, cocoa and berry fillings. On this day, grandiose cocoa parties are often held with cascades of sweets, chocolate desserts and fondue. Girls are offered chocolate spa wraps, massages and baths. Themed parties and chocolate quests are organized for children with the search for treasures in the form of delicious gold coins. Another popular format is chocolate body art, when people paint each other with chocolate glaze and then hold a fashion show, where the jury awards models with the most interesting body art. In Russia, chocolate museums with locations in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Pokrov are becoming platforms for large-scale celebrations. In the Vladimir region, a grand opening of the chocolate monument even took place. Russians also host chocolate parties, fashion runways featuring chocolate-colored clothing, and “edible displays” featuring chocolate cities—extremely accurate sculptures of people, house models, and vehicles.

The 20th century was marked by scientific and technological revolution and progress in many sectors of human activity. From the mid-1940s to the 1960s, there was a rapid development of natural disciplines aimed at understanding the laws of nature and technical sciences. Thanks to this, robotics, computer science, and bionics appeared. The young science arose at the intersection of biology, physics, chemistry and cybernetics with radio electronics. The birthday of bionics is considered to be September 13, 1960. This date marked the opening of the first international symposium in the USA on the topic: “Living prototypes of artificial systems - the key to new technology.” It is believed that the first person who decided to use the natural forms and structure of living organisms to create structures for various purposes was Leonardo da Vinci. The Renaissance scientist's plans were to build a flying machine by applying knowledge about the structure of a bird's wing. After 400 years, humanity managed to make a breakthrough in the creation of new technologies as a result of studying natural processes. An example of this, if we recall the research of da Vinci, was the invention of the zipper - a fastener created as a result of analyzing the structure of bird feathers. Research into living systems, such as the eye system of snakes, has led to the development of infrared night vision cameras. The work of Velcro, Velcro tape, is based on the principle of spreading burdock seeds. The study of the structure of the lotus leaf became the impetus for the invention of water-repellent fabrics, the stems of cereal crops - for the construction of high-rise buildings. Scientists have learned to grow artificial stones that are not inferior in beauty and characteristics to their natural counterparts, and to create radars based on echolocation, which is used by bats. These and other inventions arose as a result of the emergence of bionics. The design of fins is based on the fins of whales, the design of snowshoes is based on the hind legs of a hare, and the solar panels are based on the structure of a sunflower. It is no coincidence that the helicopter blades resemble the wings of a dragonfly, and the front fairing of a bullet train to reduce the acoustic shock when leaving a tunnel resembles the beak of a kingfisher. Its shape allows the bird to enter the water in a deep dive without raising a splash. The strength and stability of the Eiffel Tower is the result of the study of the human tibia and the use of this knowledge in the design of the structure. To reduce friction, the front part of the supersonic Concorde liner, which appeared in 1969, resembles the shape of the nose of dolphins, the structure of submarines - a cephalopod of the genus Nautilus. To rise to the surface, it pumps into its hollow chambers a special gas that is produced by the body, displacing the water previously collected for the dive. A similar ascent technique is used on submarines. Thanks to relatively young science, it has become possible to create fundamentally new building structures, machines, apparatus and instruments. An example of its application in medicine is the invention of prostheses and exoskeletons, surgical instruments coated with SLIPS, which effectively combats “biocontamination” of surfaces. The material appeared after studying the method of catching insects with the leaves of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes. Man draws inspiration from nature for many technical developments. Observations of living organisms help both in creating a design and in developing the principle of functioning of structures of various types and purposes. The Birthday of Bionics encourages us to pay tribute to a scientific direction that has great prospects for development.

The invention of antibiotics was a new milestone in the development of medicine and pharmacology. The first drug that effectively combats microorganisms harmful to humans was isolated from the mold Penicillium notatum. For the creation of penicillin in 1945, scientists A. Fleming, H.W. Flory and E.B. Chain received the Nobel Prize. But the palm in this discovery still belongs to the English bacteriologist Alexander Fleming, who discovered that mold is capable of synthesizing a substance that kills infectious agents. On September 13, 1929, the scientist gave a presentation at the University of London. This date marks the annual celebration of the birthday of penicillin. Fleming's report did not arouse enthusiasm among the scientific community. The reason for the skepticism of colleagues was the rapid destruction of mold during the production of medicines from it. After 9 years, Flory and Chain were able to obtain purified penicillin, which was suitable for creating pharmaceuticals. This became a salvation for soldiers who participated in World War II and civilians whose bodies could not cope with bacteriological infection on their own. The drug was tested on animals. Penicillin was first administered to a person suffering from sepsis in 1941, and in 1942 to a patient dying of meningitis. The therapeutic characteristics of the drug were appreciated by doctors in many countries, where the number of lives saved was not tens, but hundreds of people. Penicillin began to be produced on an industrial scale in the USA in 1943. In the same year, the production of its analogue called “Crustosin” began in the USSR, and the establishment of technology for the production of the antibiotic began. However, the Soviet drug caused fever in patients. Therefore, in 1945, the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene of the Red Army began producing penicillin according to the Western model. In the 1940s, scientists noted that tiny doses of medicine were no longer enough to fight staphylococci and streptococci. Pathogenic microorganisms developed resistance to the drug, so stronger modifications of penicillin were created: ampicillin appeared in the 1950s, and amoxicillin was released to the market in 1972. Microbes have learned to adapt to the effects of antibiotics, so new, stronger drugs are regularly invented in laboratories. They are available in a variety of dosage forms: tablets, capsules, granules for suspension and powder for injection. Modern drugs are widely used for the treatment of infectious processes of various localizations in adults and children, as well as in postoperative disease prevention. Despite the development of resistance by pathogens to treat a number of pathologies, such as endocarditis (inflammation of the heart due to streptococcal infection), penicillin, which was discovered by A. Fleming back in 1928, is still used.

Today, more than 5 million people live on the territory of Kuban, which is rightly called the Russian breadbasket and health resort. The Krasnodar Territory includes 26 municipalities - districts, districts, cities and rural settlements. The resorts of the Krasnodar Territory are visited by millions of Russians - the share of the tourism industry in the gross product is 14.5%.

Christians on this day remember the life and deeds of Bishop Cyprian of Carthage. People believed that on September 13, cranes were preparing to fly to warm countries. Before a long journey, the birds gather in the swamps and agree on how to fly and who to choose as leader. Therefore, sometimes Kupriyanov’s day was called the Crane Assembly or Crane Assembly.

Orthodox holidays September 13:

Memorial Day of the Hieromartyr Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage

Feast of the position of the honorable belt of the Blessed Virgin Mary