On December 12, Russia celebrates an important public holiday - Constitution Day. This document, approved by a popular referendum in 1993, is the foundation of the inviolability of the country and defines the rights and responsibilities of the state and the individual. The Constitution of the Russian Federation is a set of laws of the judicial, economic and political systems. Every citizen of the country is obliged to unquestioningly comply with the laws prescribed in the main document. It operates absolutely throughout the country, and any legal documents are subject to it. The presence of a legal core regulating relationships in society indicates the development and civilization of the country. The earliest records of legal codes date back to Ancient Rome, Sparta and Athens. The oldest existing Constitution dates back to 1600 and belongs to the State of San Marino. The first Constitution of Russia can be called a document of 1905-1906, although in the archives there is an analogue of a state bill signed by Alexander II, which never came into force. After the February Revolution, the Constitution of the RSFSR was adopted, then the USSR, and finally, on December 12, 1993, of Russia. Since 1994, by Decree B.N. Yeltsin, December 12 was declared a state holiday and a non-working day. In 2004, amendments were made to the Labor Code, and this day became a memorable date in Russia, but it was no longer a day off. Despite the cancellation of the day off, the holiday is given deserved attention. A large number of events are held dedicated to the legal foundations of the state. Educational institutions hold special open lessons on legal knowledge, quizzes, competitions, and exhibitions of drawings on the theme of the holiday. Prepare reports on legal topics. The media actively participates in the important day. From blue screens, the President of the Russian Federation congratulates his citizens on the holiday. Throughout the day, radio and television broadcast programs prepared for the memorable date. Museums across the country are opening informational exhibitions telling about the events of 1993 and the history of the main law in general. On the streets of the city, activists are distributing leaflets with excerpts from the Constitution. Many cities host festive concerts accompanied by speeches from politicians. On December 12, ceremonial awards for outstanding figures of law and law are held. Scientific legal conferences are held to discuss new laws and amend old ones. The Constitution is the main stronghold of the state, uniting the people into a single whole. Every citizen must be responsible for the law. This is an indicator of the strength, unity and prosperity of the country. On July 1, 2020, a nationwide vote on the Constitutional changes proposed by Russian President Vladimir Putin took place at the end of January 2020. These amendments to the Constitution are devoted to new requirements put forward to the president, members of the government and government officials at various levels, consolidate the social guarantees of the state to citizens, and also change the terms of reference of parliament, prohibit the alienation of federal territories, establish the status of the Russian language, and consolidate the priority of national legislation over international legislation. if it contradicts the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to official data, changes to the Constitution were supported by 77.92% of voting participants. The new edition of the Constitution of the Russian Federation came into force on July 4, 2020.

Currently, there is a huge number of different musical genres and trends, each of which has its own fans. Thus, December 12 of each year is a day dedicated to heavy music, thanks to which a huge number of its fans can celebrate this holiday in their own special style. On this day, music lovers can gather in a place and devote time to listening to their favorite tracks. Heavy metal is one of the genres of heavy rock music that appeared more than fifty years ago. Initially, this trend originated in Great Britain, and later also found its fans in the United States of America. This genre emerged on the basis of existing trends such as blues rock and psychedelic rock. This music is distinguished by a more massive and heavier sound, as well as guitar solos and bright drum chords. This genre has certain characteristic features that make it possible to recognize this direction among other similar musical movements common in the modern world: • More aggressive sound. • Accelerated tempo of the music. • The central role belongs to the guitarist. • A large number of guitar solos. • High level of vocals. A genre of music such as heavy metal became the basis for the creation and development of other modern styles of heavy music. They differ from each other in speed, rhythm and level of aggressiveness of sound. Today there are quite a large number of musical groups that have devoted themselves to this particular direction. The festival dedicated to Heavy Metal music was founded in 2012. On this day, musicians get together to share musical news, memories, experiences and new discoveries. Also on such a holiday, it is customary to play your favorite tracks, listen to popular performers, and come up with new works. Quite often on such a day, large concerts dedicated to this trend are organized, which allow all fans to get together and have a good time. Fans of the heavy metal genre are very easy to recognize by their appearance, as they are characterized by a certain style and image. Thus, very often musicians wear leather jackets and pants, various metal jewelry and other items of clothing with the symbols of this movement. The whole species of metalheads is aggressive, defiant and dangerous.

In the post-Soviet space, the medical sector is not at the highest level in most countries, but even their residents are surprised that there are states where you can simply die from failure to provide first aid. This issue remains very acute, not for individual regions, but for entire continents. Therefore, the UN is trying to improve the situation in this direction; the resolution adopted in 2012 on accelerating the coverage of health services helps. International Universal Health Coverage Day has been celebrated since 2017. And after 5 years, December 12 became an official holiday, and International Universal Health Coverage Day is now celebrated every year. This day is a holiday not only for medical workers, although this is of course essential personnel. Congratulations can be accepted by people without specialized education, but who want to help those in need and convey even just information. If a person simply told someone how to find the nearest pharmacy or called an ambulance for a random passer-by, he can safely consider himself involved in this important holiday. In many regions, common diseases become fatal. The situation with the provision of assistance is most difficult in the countries of:• Africa;• Southeast Asia;• The Middle East.• South America. In small and remote settlements, many people die from sepsis, blood loss due to injuries, fevers - in the rest of the world such diseases are no longer considered fatal. And there people can wait for days for a doctor’s visit or for the delivery of some medicines; even with antibiotics and disinfectants, things are not the best. Epidemics are commonplace. But recent years have exposed the problem in the most prosperous countries from a health point of view. The Covid-19 coronavirus epidemic has shown that in the face of a great threat, even advanced modern medicine can falter. A huge number of people died because information about methods of treatment and prevention was not conveyed to them in a timely manner, because later extensive information campaigns were launched. The shortage of beds in hospitals and especially of artificial respiration devices has equally hit both poor countries and the United States and the European Union. On International Universal Health Coverage Day, those involved are not so much celebrating it as trying to put more emphasis on this area. UN representatives are appealing to the authorities of various countries so that they pay more attention to supporting and developing the medical industry. In order for state programs to be formed and implemented to provide services to all segments of society, this especially concerns the less protected. But these calls are not limited to the authorities; in fact, every person can contribute to expanding health coverage. It is important to use all possible resources to improve the situation, in particular financial and investment ones. Therefore, business representatives and philanthropists are an important source of improving the quality and expanding the coverage of the healthcare sector. Doctors themselves can also join in good deeds, which, in principle, was clearly visible in the example of the raging pandemic. Even an ordinary teacher, conveying the correct information to his students, becomes the subject of the holiday on December 12.

Bitaraplyk bayramy is translated from Turkmen as Neutrality Day, and is the second most important celebration for the state of Turkmenistan. It has been celebrated annually on December 12 for more than twenty years. It began in 1995, when the United Nations General Assembly (fiftieth session) approved a resolution supporting the idea of ​​Turkmenistan to become a state with the status of stable neutrality. This day is a day off in the country; ceremonial events and festive concerts are held in all settlements. It has become traditional to lay flowers in front of the Neutrality Monument in Ashgabat by the top leadership of Turkmenistan. The monument has long become a symbol of the Turkmen people’s loyalty to the ideals of goodness, peace, and creation. Thanks to the assigned status of neutrality, Turkmenistan is equidistant from the military-political blocs existing in the world, and is also exempt from placing foreign military bases on the country’s territory. However, in order to ensure a decent level of defense capability, the state is improving military-technical partnerships with Russia, Turkey, the United States and other countries on a bilateral basis. According to the head of Turkmenistan, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, thanks to the legal definition of Turkmenistan as a permanently neutral state, the country has created extensive opportunities for implementing a consistent political course of humanism, observing the age-old principles of good neighborliness, friendship and peace-loving nature of the Turkmen people. On the day of celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the permanently neutral status in Ashgabat, at the International Conference, the President of Turkmenistan took the initiative to proclaim December 12 as the International Day of Neutrality. His proposal was unanimously supported by all forum participants, among whom were many distinguished guests from different countries. The result of Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov’s initiative was the seventy-first session of the UN General Assembly, held on February 2, 2017, at which the Resolution declaring December 12 as the International Day of Neutrality was unanimously approved. This fact once again confirmed the high authority of Turkmenistan in the world community and undeniable respect for its significant contribution to guarantees of regional and global peace, security and stable development.

Preventive diplomacy has great peacemaking potential. The prevention of disagreements between the parties to a dispute at the international level before it turns into a conflict is facilitated by the observance of neutrality. Its general principles are set out in articles 5 and 12 of the Hague Convention, adopted in 1907. Thus, during the Second World War, Switzerland, Turkey, Portugal, Sweden and the Vatican declared their neutrality and non-interference in the internal affairs of other states. Today on this list are Switzerland, the Vatican, Cambodia, Turkmenistan, Malta, Austria and the Republic of San Marino. The choice of such a policy by governments is explained by the desire to protect citizens from the devastating consequences of regional and world wars. However, states do not always manage to maintain their declared neutrality. Thus, Nazi Germany invaded Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands and Luxembourg in 1940. The occupation took place despite the impartial position of these countries and their chosen neutrality. German aggression against them, like British aggression against Iceland, and American aggression against Japan, led to an escalation of the conflict. In the 21st century In the context of an increasing number of local “stress points,” respect for the territorial integrity of subjects of international law and their rights to self-determination is still relevant. The Ashgabat conference, held in Turkmenistan in 2015, was devoted to neutrality and the basic principles of compliance with this policy. Based on its results, a resolution was developed, according to which in February 2017 the UN proclaimed the International Day of Neutrality, the date of celebration of which was December 12 . The conduct of events in honor of the International Day of Neutrality is intended to become one of the tools of preventive diplomacy. Its goal is to prevent and prevent conflicts through negotiations, a policy of mediation and informal consultations between the warring parties, the use of the services of special envoys and fact-finding missions. Analysts note that neutrality in peacetime is the key to building good neighborly relations between other states in the region where they are located. The policy of non-interference is the key to de-escalating conflicts and developing friendly ties between countries. The neutral policy of Turkmenistan contributes to the effectiveness of the application of preventive measures and is a factor stabilizing the situation in Central Asia, in particular, ensuring peace in Afghanistan. Therefore, one of the UN headquarters for preventive diplomacy is located in the capital of the country, Ashgabat. Neutrality plays a key role not only in achieving peace and security for the world's population, but also in delivering humanitarian aid to territories affected by military conflicts or affected by natural disasters. In this regard, the UN pays great attention to the annual International Day of Neutrality on December 12.

December 12 (November 29, old style) is the day of Paramon, the Winter Guide, according to the folk calendar. On this day, Orthodox residents honor the memory of Paramon of Bithynia, who died along with 370 martyrs for the faith of Jesus Christ. In 250, Emperor Trajan pursued a policy of restoring the pagan cult, thereby persecuting Christians. Paramon witnessed how 370 believers in Christ were subjected to terrible torture by order of the ruler. They were required to apostatize Christianity and commit idolatry. Paramon accused the emperor of cruelty and declared himself a believer in the True God. For such words, the saint was sent to suffer torment with the other martyrs, and after all of them were beheaded. By the day of Paramon, the weather became colder, so the people believed that winter itself put on a bear’s coat, walked around the villages and woke up the housewives. They, in turn, had to light the stove and prepare food. It was customary to remove snow caps from roofs. Cleaning was done with a broom or broom; it was forbidden to use a shovel, since it could make a hole in the roof. There was a belief that on Paramonov’s day you should not be idle, otherwise winter would punish you with illness. Men were busy repairing broken things or carpentry, women were busy with needlework. But unmarried girls arranged fortune-telling with grain for their betrothed. They did this secretly, so that winter, looking in through the window, would think that the girls were busy sorting out the cereal. People noticed that if on the day of Paramon you feed buckwheat to poultry only from your right hand, then there will be more eggs from them in the future. And if you hammer a nail into the bottom log of the wall on the western side of the bathhouse, then illnesses will bypass the household. It was also considered obligatory to borrow some food from neighbors so that the coming year would bring good luck. Paramon was called the Winter Signaler because his day predicted the weather for the coming winter. Snow on this day promised a week of incessant snowstorms, and lack of snow - a week of frosts. Large heavy snowflakes foreshadowed warming. If there is little snow on the ground, then the harvest year will be modest. A red dawn preceded clear but very windy weather.

All-Russian Day of Reception of Citizens

Feast of the Nineteenth Day of the Month of Masail among the Bahá'ís

Day of customs officers of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Day of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico (Dia de la Virgen de Guadalupe)

National Literature Day of Kyrgyzstan

Swiss Flag Day

Kenya Independence Day(Jamhuri Day)

Orthodox holidays December 12:

Memorial Day of the Hieromartyr Saturninus of Toulouse

Memorial Day of the Hieromartyr Paramon of Thebins

Memorial Day of the Martyr Philumen of Ancyra